Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Combination antagonism of TNF superfamily signaling for T cell immunosuppression

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.27.721101

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) inhibition in CD3 + cells during allogeneic one-way MLR measured at day 2 and day 5, respectively, treated with 50 nM combination pharmacological inhibitors of TNF/TNFR targets of interest. Monotreatment groups included 50 nM of human IgG1. Cytokine inhibition was calculated as percent reduction from IgG1 control treatment. Ill denotes P <0.05 in student t-test for monotreatments vs. IgG1 control, # denotes P <0.05 in student t-tests for combination treatment groups vs. IgG1 controls and both constituent monotreatments. ( B ) Normalized IL-2 and IFN-γ expression in four promising combinations of TNF/TNFR inhibitors. ( C-D ) Proliferation in CD3 + cells during allogeneic one-way MLR measured at day 5 in the presence of combination pharmacological inhibition of TNF/TNFR targets of interest.* denotes P <0.05 in student t-test. Data from three unique stimulator-responder MLR pairs, mean ± SEM plotted. Large-molecule pharmacological TNF/TNFR inhibitors used: Adalimumab (abbr. Ada, α-TNF), Pateclizumab (α-LTA), Baminercept (abbr. Bam, LTβR decoy), Dapirolizumab (abbr. Dapiro, α-CD40L), Amlitelimab (abbr. Amlite, α-OX40L), CD30Li (α-CD30L), 4-1BB-Fc (4-1BB decoy), Quisovalimab (α-LIGHT), Duvakitug (α-TL1A), and GITRi (α-GITR).

Article Snippet: Adalimumab (Cat. HY-P9908), Pateclizumab (Cat. HY-P990034), Baminercept (Cat. HY-P99459), Amlitelimab (Cat. HY-P99434), Dapirolizumab (Cat. HY-P99842A), Quisovalimab (Cat. HY-P99810), Duvakitug (Cat. HY-P99842A), human IgG1 (Cat. HY-P99001) and human IgG4 (Cat. HY-P99003) were purchased from MedChemExpress.

Techniques: Inhibition, Control, Expressing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Combination antagonism of TNF superfamily signaling for T cell immunosuppression

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.27.721101

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A-B ) Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) inhibition in CD3 + cells during allogeneic one-way MLR measured at day 2 and day 5, respectively, treated with 50 nM combination pharmacological inhibitors of TNF/TNFR targets of interest. Monotreatment groups included 50 nM of human IgG1. Cytokine expression normalized to IgG1 control treatment. * denotes P <0.05 in student t-test for monotreatments vs. IgG1 control. Data from three individual stimulator-responder MLR pairs, mean ± SEM plotted.

Article Snippet: Adalimumab (Cat. HY-P9908), Pateclizumab (Cat. HY-P990034), Baminercept (Cat. HY-P99459), Amlitelimab (Cat. HY-P99434), Dapirolizumab (Cat. HY-P99842A), Quisovalimab (Cat. HY-P99810), Duvakitug (Cat. HY-P99842A), human IgG1 (Cat. HY-P99001) and human IgG4 (Cat. HY-P99003) were purchased from MedChemExpress.

Techniques: Inhibition, Expressing, Control

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Inflammatory arthritis irAE may represent a unique autoimmune disease primarily driven by T cells but likely not autoantibodies

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aea4262

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Expression of CD27 and IgD on CD19 + B cells. Right: Percentage of IgD + CD27 − naïve B cells and IgD − CD27 − DN B cells. ( B ) Expression of CD27 and CD38 on CD19 + B cells. Right: Percentages of CD27 hi CD38 hi ASCs and CD27 + CD38 − memory B cells. ( C ) Expression of CD138 on CD27 hi CD38 hi ASCs. Right: Percentage of CD138 + ASCs and CD138 − ASCs. ( D ) Expression of CD11c and CD21 on CD19 + B cells. Right: Percentage of CD11c + CD21 − CD19 + B cells. [(A) to (D)] HC ( n = 63), irAE ( n = 33), RAC ( n = 46), and ICI ( n = 20). ( E to G ) GSEA was performed on the B cells between irAE and ICI. (E) Significantly enriched pathways in B cells from irAE and ICI. GSEA plots of IFN-α and IFN-γ response (F), and oxidative phosphorylation (G). ( H ) The volcano plots of the citrullinated or noncitrullinated relative IgG or IgM isotype autoantigen levels comparing RA versus HC, irAE versus ICI, irAE versus HC, or irAE versus RA. The autoantigens were labeled when P < 0.01. TNF-α reactivities resulted from the administration of anti–TNF-α therapy for the treatment of RA. ( I ) Immunoglobulin isotype levels in the plasma were measured by multiplex assay. HC ( n = 22), irAE ( n = 34), RAC ( n = 46), and ICI ( n = 26). ( J ) CXCL13 levels in the plasma were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HC ( n = 20), irAE ( n = 34) RAC ( n = 47), and ICI ( n = 23). ( K ) B-cell activating factor (BAFF) levels in the plasma were measured by multiplex assay. HC ( n = 21), irAE ( n = 34), RAC ( n = 47), and ICI ( n = 18). Data in graphs represent mean ± SEM. Significance was tested by one-way ANOVA [(A) to (D) and (I) to (K)] and logistic regression (H). [(A) to (D) and (F) to (K)] ICI, ICI control.

Article Snippet: PBMCs from patients with irAE were thawed and rested in a complete medium for 1 hour and then activated with plate-coated anti–human CD3 and anti–human CD28 (10 μg/ml) with IgG1 isotype control (Bio X Cell, catalog no. CP174) or a combination of anti–human IL-6R 50 μg/ml; Bio X Cell, catalog no. SIM0014), anti–human IL-12p40 (50 μg/ml; Bio X Cell, catalog no. SIM0020), and anti–human IFNAR1 (50 μg/ml; Bio X Cell, catalog no. SIM0022) for 3 days.

Techniques: Expressing, Phospho-proteomics, Immunopeptidomics, Labeling, Clinical Proteomics, Multiplex Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Inflammatory arthritis irAE may represent a unique autoimmune disease primarily driven by T cells but likely not autoantibodies

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aea4262

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A to C ) Human naïve B cells were isolated from PBMCs and cultured under indicated conditions for 7 days; pembrolizumab or isotype control IgG4 (IgG4 Iso) was added on day 2; n = 8. (A) Expression of CD38 and CD27 on B cells. Right: Percentages of CD27 + CD38 − and CD27 + CD38 + B cells. (B) Expression of CD138 on CD27 + CD38 + B cells. Right: Percentage of CD138 + CD27 + CD38 + B cells. (C) Different immunoglobulin isotypes were measured in the culture supernatant of (A) and (B) by multiplex assay. ( D to F ) B cells from Humanized PD-1 (HuPD-1) mice were isolated and cultured with LPS, IL-4, BAFF, or ODN 2006, anti-IgM, IL-21, IL-4 or R848, anti-IgM, anti-CD40, IL-21, and IFN-γ for 3 days; pembrolizumab or isotype control was added on day 1. (D) Expression of IgG2c on activated B cells. FSC-H, Forward scatter height. Right: Percentage of IgG2c + B cells; n = 5. (E) Expression of IgG1 on activated B cells. Right: Percentage of IgG1 + B cells; n = 5. (F) Different immunoglobulin isotypes in the supernatant were measured by multiplex assay; n = 5. Data in graphs represent mean ± SEM. Significance was tested by two-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: PBMCs from patients with irAE were thawed and rested in a complete medium for 1 hour and then activated with plate-coated anti–human CD3 and anti–human CD28 (10 μg/ml) with IgG1 isotype control (Bio X Cell, catalog no. CP174) or a combination of anti–human IL-6R 50 μg/ml; Bio X Cell, catalog no. SIM0014), anti–human IL-12p40 (50 μg/ml; Bio X Cell, catalog no. SIM0020), and anti–human IFNAR1 (50 μg/ml; Bio X Cell, catalog no. SIM0022) for 3 days.

Techniques: Isolation, Cell Culture, Control, Expressing, Multiplex Assay

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Inflammatory arthritis irAE may represent a unique autoimmune disease primarily driven by T cells but likely not autoantibodies

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aea4262

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A to G ) PBMCs from the patients with irAE were cultured in the plate coated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (10 μg/ml) in the presence of IgG1 isotype control or anti–human IL-6R (50 μg/ml), anti–human IL-12p40 (50 μg/ml), and anti–human IFNAR1 (50 μg/ml) for 3 days; n = 9. (A) Expression of CD38 and CD127 on CD8 + T cells. Right: Percentage of CD38 + CD127 − CD8 + T cells. (B and C) CD8 + T cells activated for 5 days were restimulated with PMA, ionomycin, and monensin for 5 hours. (B) Expression of granzyme B and IFN-γ. Right: Percentage of granzyme B + IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells. (C) Expression of perforin and IFN-γ. Right: Percentage of perforin + IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells. [(D) and (E)] MFIs of GluCy5 (D), TMRM, and MTDR (E) in CD8 + T cells were presented. [(F) and (G)] CD4 + T cells activated for 5 days were restimulated with PMA, ionomycin, and monensin for 5 hours. (F) Expression of IL-21 and IL-2. Right: Percentage of IL-21 + IL-2 + CD4 + T cells. (G) Expression of CD38 and CXCR5 on CD4 + T cells. Right: Percentage of CD38 + CXCR5 − CD4 + T cells. Data in graphs represent mean ± SEM. Significance was tested paired Student’s t test [(A) to (G)].

Article Snippet: PBMCs from patients with irAE were thawed and rested in a complete medium for 1 hour and then activated with plate-coated anti–human CD3 and anti–human CD28 (10 μg/ml) with IgG1 isotype control (Bio X Cell, catalog no. CP174) or a combination of anti–human IL-6R 50 μg/ml; Bio X Cell, catalog no. SIM0014), anti–human IL-12p40 (50 μg/ml; Bio X Cell, catalog no. SIM0020), and anti–human IFNAR1 (50 μg/ml; Bio X Cell, catalog no. SIM0022) for 3 days.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Control, Expressing

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Inflammatory arthritis irAE may represent a unique autoimmune disease primarily driven by T cells but likely not autoantibodies

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aea4262

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Expression of CD27 and IgD on CD19 + B cells. Right: Percentage of IgD + CD27 − naïve B cells and IgD − CD27 − DN B cells. ( B ) Expression of CD27 and CD38 on CD19 + B cells. Right: Percentages of CD27 hi CD38 hi ASCs and CD27 + CD38 − memory B cells. ( C ) Expression of CD138 on CD27 hi CD38 hi ASCs. Right: Percentage of CD138 + ASCs and CD138 − ASCs. ( D ) Expression of CD11c and CD21 on CD19 + B cells. Right: Percentage of CD11c + CD21 − CD19 + B cells. [(A) to (D)] HC ( n = 63), irAE ( n = 33), RAC ( n = 46), and ICI ( n = 20). ( E to G ) GSEA was performed on the B cells between irAE and ICI. (E) Significantly enriched pathways in B cells from irAE and ICI. GSEA plots of IFN-α and IFN-γ response (F), and oxidative phosphorylation (G). ( H ) The volcano plots of the citrullinated or noncitrullinated relative IgG or IgM isotype autoantigen levels comparing RA versus HC, irAE versus ICI, irAE versus HC, or irAE versus RA. The autoantigens were labeled when P < 0.01. TNF-α reactivities resulted from the administration of anti–TNF-α therapy for the treatment of RA. ( I ) Immunoglobulin isotype levels in the plasma were measured by multiplex assay. HC ( n = 22), irAE ( n = 34), RAC ( n = 46), and ICI ( n = 26). ( J ) CXCL13 levels in the plasma were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HC ( n = 20), irAE ( n = 34) RAC ( n = 47), and ICI ( n = 23). ( K ) B-cell activating factor (BAFF) levels in the plasma were measured by multiplex assay. HC ( n = 21), irAE ( n = 34), RAC ( n = 47), and ICI ( n = 18). Data in graphs represent mean ± SEM. Significance was tested by one-way ANOVA [(A) to (D) and (I) to (K)] and logistic regression (H). [(A) to (D) and (F) to (K)] ICI, ICI control.

Article Snippet: Pembrolizumab (100 μg/ml; Keytruda) or isotype control IgG4 (Bio X Cell, catalog no. CP147) was added into the culture media 2 days after stimulation, and B cells were further cultured for another 5 days.

Techniques: Expressing, Phospho-proteomics, Immunopeptidomics, Labeling, Clinical Proteomics, Multiplex Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Inflammatory arthritis irAE may represent a unique autoimmune disease primarily driven by T cells but likely not autoantibodies

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aea4262

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A to C ) Human naïve B cells were isolated from PBMCs and cultured under indicated conditions for 7 days; pembrolizumab or isotype control IgG4 (IgG4 Iso) was added on day 2; n = 8. (A) Expression of CD38 and CD27 on B cells. Right: Percentages of CD27 + CD38 − and CD27 + CD38 + B cells. (B) Expression of CD138 on CD27 + CD38 + B cells. Right: Percentage of CD138 + CD27 + CD38 + B cells. (C) Different immunoglobulin isotypes were measured in the culture supernatant of (A) and (B) by multiplex assay. ( D to F ) B cells from Humanized PD-1 (HuPD-1) mice were isolated and cultured with LPS, IL-4, BAFF, or ODN 2006, anti-IgM, IL-21, IL-4 or R848, anti-IgM, anti-CD40, IL-21, and IFN-γ for 3 days; pembrolizumab or isotype control was added on day 1. (D) Expression of IgG2c on activated B cells. FSC-H, Forward scatter height. Right: Percentage of IgG2c + B cells; n = 5. (E) Expression of IgG1 on activated B cells. Right: Percentage of IgG1 + B cells; n = 5. (F) Different immunoglobulin isotypes in the supernatant were measured by multiplex assay; n = 5. Data in graphs represent mean ± SEM. Significance was tested by two-way ANOVA.

Article Snippet: Pembrolizumab (100 μg/ml; Keytruda) or isotype control IgG4 (Bio X Cell, catalog no. CP147) was added into the culture media 2 days after stimulation, and B cells were further cultured for another 5 days.

Techniques: Isolation, Cell Culture, Control, Expressing, Multiplex Assay

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Inflammatory arthritis irAE may represent a unique autoimmune disease primarily driven by T cells but likely not autoantibodies

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aea4262

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A to G ) PBMCs from the patients with irAE were cultured in the plate coated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (10 μg/ml) in the presence of IgG1 isotype control or anti–human IL-6R (50 μg/ml), anti–human IL-12p40 (50 μg/ml), and anti–human IFNAR1 (50 μg/ml) for 3 days; n = 9. (A) Expression of CD38 and CD127 on CD8 + T cells. Right: Percentage of CD38 + CD127 − CD8 + T cells. (B and C) CD8 + T cells activated for 5 days were restimulated with PMA, ionomycin, and monensin for 5 hours. (B) Expression of granzyme B and IFN-γ. Right: Percentage of granzyme B + IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells. (C) Expression of perforin and IFN-γ. Right: Percentage of perforin + IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells. [(D) and (E)] MFIs of GluCy5 (D), TMRM, and MTDR (E) in CD8 + T cells were presented. [(F) and (G)] CD4 + T cells activated for 5 days were restimulated with PMA, ionomycin, and monensin for 5 hours. (F) Expression of IL-21 and IL-2. Right: Percentage of IL-21 + IL-2 + CD4 + T cells. (G) Expression of CD38 and CXCR5 on CD4 + T cells. Right: Percentage of CD38 + CXCR5 − CD4 + T cells. Data in graphs represent mean ± SEM. Significance was tested paired Student’s t test [(A) to (G)].

Article Snippet: Pembrolizumab (100 μg/ml; Keytruda) or isotype control IgG4 (Bio X Cell, catalog no. CP147) was added into the culture media 2 days after stimulation, and B cells were further cultured for another 5 days.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Control, Expressing